Mora,+Teresa,+Stanley,+Jeffrey

Jeffrey, Teresa, Mora, Stanley Group 4 Project General Overview of the problem of water quality: Parameters for drinking water quality falls under two categories- chemical/physical and microbiological chemical/physical: heavy metals, trace organic compounds, total suspended solids and turbidity, they can affect health and the taste of water microbiological: affects the health most immediately (but we won’t look at bacteria today)

How does the Taipei water system work?  The government claims that the tap water is completely potable, with this online article: []  It claims that it sets up laboratories at its Water Quality Center to perform regular testing on quality of samples taken from raw water sources, various units in filtration process, and specific points at distribution pipe network (such as booster stations, service reservoirs, schools, public places, metro stations, and ordinary households) and to conduct trend analysis on water quality readings. The government also compares with other countries’ standards: [] Through this comparison, we can further see which standards are considered ‘acceptable’ as drinking water.

Substances that have potential health risks and affects palatability (how the water tastes):
 * Parameters || Current Taiwan Tap Water Quality || Taiwan(2005.05) || U.S.A.(2006.03) || Canada(2006.03) || E.E.C.(1998.11) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">W.H.O.(2004) ||


 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chloride (Cl-) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5.63 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">250 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">250*3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">≦250 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">250 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">250 ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NH3-N (Ammonia Nitrogen, As N) || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ND（<0.016） || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.1 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.5 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1.5 ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Total Hardness, as CaCO3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">34.3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">300 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">*9 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">500 ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Residual chlorine || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.57 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.2 ~ 1.0 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.5 ~ 5.0 ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pH value || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.1 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.0 ~ 8.5 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.5~8.5*3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.5~8.5 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.5~9.5 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.5~8.5 ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">What to test? <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> We’re going to test if the Taipei water is really potable, as it claims to be (in various locations)? 1. Tienmu tap source x 2 2. Shuanglien tap source 3. DaZhi tap source

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Factors to consider: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Chloride 2. pH 3. Nitrates 4. Calcium 5. Conductivity

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">1. pH: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Some General information: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">[] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">[] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The RI Department of Environmental Management (DEM) has a fresh water pH criteria of 6.5 – 9.0 or as what occurs naturally. The sea water pH criteria is 6.5 – 8.5. Water use. Municipal water suppliers often raise the pH of drinking water to prevent corrosion of pipes, often to pH 9.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> In general, water with a low pH (< 6.5) could be acidic, soft, and corrosive. Therefore, the water could contain metal ions such as iron, manganese, copper, lead, and zinc...or, on other words, elevated levels of toxic metals. This can cause premature damage to metal piping, and have associated aesthetic problems such as a metallic or sour taste, staining of laundry, and the characteristic "blue-green" staining of sinks and drains. More importantly, there are health risks associated with these toxins. Water with a pH > 8.5 could indicate that the water is hard. Hard water does not pose a health risk, but can cause aesthetic problems. These problems include an alkali taste to the water (making that morning coffee taste bitter!), formation of a deposit on dishes, utensils, and laundry basins, difficulty in getting soaps and detergents to lather, and formation of insoluble precipitates on clothing.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Nitrates: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">General Info <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">[] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">

The formation of nitrates is an integral part of the nitrogen cycle in our environment. In moderate amounts, nitrate is a harmless constituent of food and water. Plants use nitrates from the soil to satisfy nutrient requirements and may accumulate nitrate in their leaves and stems. Due to its high mobility, nitrate also can leach into groundwater. If people or animals drink water high in nitrate, it may cause methemoglobinemia, an illness found especially in infants. Nitrates form when microorganisms break down fertilizers, decaying plants, manures or other organic residues. Usually plants take up these nitrates, but sometimes rain or irrigation water can leach them into groundwater. Although nitrate occurs naturally in some groundwater, in most cases higher levels are thought to result from human activities. Common sources of nitrate include:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">fertilizers and manure,
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">animal feedlots,
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">municipal wastewater and sludge,
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">septic systems, and
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">N-fixation from atmosphere by legumes, bacteria and lightning.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We want to test for nitrate because Nitrites are absorbed in the blood, and hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying component of blood) is converted to methemoglobin. Methemoglobin does not carry oxygen efficiently. This results in a reduced oxygen supply to vital tissues such as the brain. Methemoglobin in infant blood cannot change back to hemoglobin, which normally occurs in adults. Severe methemoglobinemia can result in brain damage and death. Again, like hard water, we don’t want excessive amounts of Nitrate in our drinking water

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Probes.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Calcium: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> General Info: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">[] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Hard water- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hard water <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">soft water <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">). Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and sulfates. Calcium usually enters the water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulfate (CaSO4), in the form of other mineral deposits. The predominant source of magnesium is dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Hard water is generally not harmful to one's health.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We are concerned with excessive amounts of mineral content which is potentially harmful to the human body. Hard water could have appreciable mineral content like Calcium and Magnesium. Soft water on the other hand could have excessive sodium content. We don’t want too much of both in our drinking water, and so we want to take samples to test these levels. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> How: Lather test: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hard water is defined as the presence of multivalent cations. Hardness in water can cause water to form scales and a resistance to soap. It can also be defined as water that does not produce lather with soap solutions, but produces white precipitate (scum). For example, sodium stearate reacts with calcium: 2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca + 2Na+ Hardness of water may also be defined as the soap-consuming capacity of water, or the capacity of precipitation of soap as a characteristic property of water that prevents the lathering of soap.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Soft: || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0-60 mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Moderately hard: || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">61-120 mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hard: || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">121-180 mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Very hard || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">>181 mg/L ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Another test would be using the probe for testing the calcium amount

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Notes from other groups (Potential differences with other groups) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Other groups have also decided to consider: - cell cultures to see if there are bacteria, using an agar test - heavy metals as potential pollutants - fluorination of water - dissolved oxygen - ammonia - 50ml from each sample? repeat 5 times?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Materials <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - 5 100mL beakers - Water from different sources (Tienmu, DaZhi, Shuanglien and dH2O) - pH probe - Chloride component probe - Calcium probe - Salinity probe - Nitrates probe

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Data Collection

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tienmou Water (1, Stanley’s)
 * || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pH || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nitrate || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calcium ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 1 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.70 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2.1mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">94.3mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 2 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.45 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2.2mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">94.2mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.51 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2.2mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">93.9mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Average || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.55 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2.17mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">94.1mg/L ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tienmou Water (2, Mora’s)
 * || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pH || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nitrates || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calcium ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 1 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.60 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.7mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">98.6mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 2 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.51 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.6mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">98.4mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.27 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.5mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">98.5mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Average || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.46 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.6mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">98.5mg/L ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Shuanglien Water
 * || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pH || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nitrates || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calcium ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 1 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.82 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.9mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">105.9mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 2 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.80 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">105.8mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.69 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">105.6mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Average || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.77 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.83mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">105.77mg/L ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dazhi
 * || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pH || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nitrates || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calcium ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 1 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5.92 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">95.6 mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 2 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5.45 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.7mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">95.4 mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5.43 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">95.3 mg/L ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Average || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5.60 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0.77mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">95.43mg/L ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Control (Distilled Water)
 * || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">pH || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Nitrates || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Calcium ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 1 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.04 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0 ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 2 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.20 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0 ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Trial 3 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6.98 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0 ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Average || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7.07 || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0mg/L || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">0mg/L ||

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Preliminary Lather Test: All water samples exhibit lather, therefore it can be concluded that they are not very hard water or hard water.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Important Note: There were no results for salinity and chloride due to time constraint

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;">Conclusion: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The results for pH, nitrates and calcium levels shows that the sources of tap water in different areas are indeed different. One potential reason could be the different water treatment plants and pathways of the water. The results show that the tap water in Taipei are not completely potable, as the government claims it to be on the website. For example, DaZhi's pH level is below the aforementioned value 7.1, and it is not between the recommended value 6 ~ 8.5. Tienmu 1's water has nitrates above the WHO recommended 1.5 mg/L value, which suggests that it is not potable (and potentially have fertilizer residues). Moreover, all sources of water are shown to be moderately hard water, as they are between 61-120mg/L, but it is not hard to the point where no lather is produced.