Catherine+Lee,+Jacqueline+Lin,+Julie+Yeh,+Max+Chen

Catherine Lee (IBHL Biology), Jacqueline Lin (IBSL Biology), Julie Yeh (IBHL Biology), Max Cheng (IBHL Chemistry)
GROUP 4 PROJECT - WATER QUALITY Testing water quality from different areas of Taipei to compare standard drinking values. 

**Research Question: Is the water samples collected in different areas of Taipei qualify the standards for drinking water safe enough for human consumption?**
**Independent variables:** pH value, nitrate, ammonium of different water **Dependent variables:** ==**Control Variables:** Same pH probe, same nitrate probe, and same ammonium probe **Accepted Value:** Standard Drinking Water **Standard** **level / Limit range of** **__pH value__** **for** **Taipei Drinking Water** 6.0 ~ 8.5pH **Standard** **level** **/Maximum limit of __Nitrate__ for Taipei Drinking Water** 10 milligram/L **Standard** **level** **/** **Maximum limit** **of** __**Ammonia**__ **for Taipei Drinking Water** 0.1 milligrams/L ** Why Test? **==
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tap Water [Xian Dian 新店]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tap Water [Nangang 南港]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tap Water [Tianmu 天母] - TAS Washroom by the Science Lab next to the stairway - 1st floor.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Swimming Pool [TAS] - TAS swimming pool.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fountain Water at TAS - First floor, facing science room 1B28.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">De-ionized Water - Science Lab (1B39)
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Filtered Water BRITA - Dunhua (敦化) Downtown
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We want to test the limits for Nitrate, pH levels, ammonium levels, and chloride levels - if it exceeds the limit, it is not safe for human consumption - thus we want to know whether these water sources are safe and valuable.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Basically hurts human body and health.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Too much acid will cause a greater risk of developing osteoporosis, weak muscles, heart disease, diabetes, and kidney disease.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Too much nitrate in our body causes CANCER - when you eat nitrites, they can be converted into nitrosamines which are potent cancer causing chemicals. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - decreases lung function. DNA mutations, brain tumors in children.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Too much ammonium can cause problems in the respiratory system.

MATERIALS:

 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water source from Tap Water [Xian Dian 新店]
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water source from Tap Water [Nangang 南港]
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water source from Tap Water [Tianmu 天母] - TAS Washroom by the Science Lab next to the stairway - 1st floor.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water source from Swimming Pool [TAS] - TAS swimming pool.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water source from Fountain Water at TAS - First floor, facing science room 1B28.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water source from De-ionized Water - Science Lab (1B39)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Water source from Filtered Water BRITA - Dunhua (敦化) Downtown <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- 500 mL beakers  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Nitrate probe (in addition, Nitrate levels to calibrate probe)  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- pH probe (in addition, pH levels to calibrate the probe)  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Ammonium probe ( in addition, ammonium levels to calibrate probe)  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Computer  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">- Pipette  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-wash bottles<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 24px;">

1) Collect water samples from each designated area.
2) For testing levels of pH in each water solution, first, it is necessary to calibrate the pH probe. To do so, pour the pH 4 solution into a beaker. 3) Pour the pH 7 solution into a separate beaker. 4) Using the logger pro program on the computer, calibrate the two levels to calibrate the probe. 5) After calibration, place the probe in each solution, cleaning it with distilled water each time. 6) Record results. 7) Repeat steps 5 and 6 again to get a range of results and trials.

8) For testing levels of ammonium in each water solution, first it is necessary to calibrate the ammonium probe. To do so, pour the two levels of ammonium into separate beakers. 9) Using the logger pro program on the computer, calibrate the two levels to calibrate the probe.

10) After calibration, place the probe in each solution, cleaning it with distilled water each time. 11) Record results. 12) Repeat steps 5 and 6 again to get a range of results and trials.

13) For testing levels of nitrate in each water solution, first it is necessary to calibrate the nitrate probe. To do so, pour the two levels of nitrate into separate beakers. 14) Using the loggerpro program on the computer, calibrate the two levels to calibrate the probe. 15) After calibration, place the probe in each solution, cleaning it with distilled water each time. 16) Record results. 17) Repeat steps 5 and 6 again to get a range of results and trials.

16) Compare data and find out whether amounts exceed the safety and standard values.

= DATA COLLECTION =

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__**Data Table for pH Levels**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">
 * Solution ||  Acidity (pH level) Trial #1  ||  Acidity (pH level) Trial #2  ||  Mean  ||  STDEV  ||
 * Tap Water XinDian || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.03  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.02  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.03  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.01  ||
 * Tap Water Nangang || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 6.53  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 6.53  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 6.53  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Tap Water Tianmu || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 6.77  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 6.76  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 6.77  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.01  ||
 * Swimming Pool Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.59  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.6  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.60  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.01  ||
 * Fountain Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.55  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.55  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.55  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * De-ionized Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.54  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.53  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.54  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.01  ||
 * Filtered Water Dunhua || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.35  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.36  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 7.36  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.01  ||

__**Data Table for Ammonium Levels**__


 * Solution ||  Ammonium Milligrams/L Trial #1  ||  Ammonium Milligrams/L Trial #2  ||  Mean  ||  STDEV  ||
 * Tap Water XinDian || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.5  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.4  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.45  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.07  ||
 * Tap Water Nangang || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Tap Water Tianmu || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Swimming Pool Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.4  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.3  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.35  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.07  ||
 * Fountain Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * De-ionized Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Filtered Water Dunhua || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.6  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.5  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.55  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.07  ||

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__Data Table for Nitrate Levels__ **


 * Solution ||  Nitrate Milligrams/L Trial #1  ||  Nitrate Milligrams/L Trial #2  ||  Mean  ||  STDEV  ||
 * Tap Water XinDian || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.6  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.5  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.55  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.07  ||
 * Tap Water Nangang || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Tap Water Tianmu || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.6  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.6  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.6  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Swimming Pool Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 40.8  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 40.8  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 40.8  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Fountain Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 2.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 2.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 2.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * De-ionized Water TAS || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.1  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.00  ||
 * Filtered Water Dunhua || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.4  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.3  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 1.35  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 10pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> 0.07  ||

= Findings/Conclusion: = We discovered that in some water samples, the levels of ammonium, nitrate, and pH did not qualify Taiwan government's drinking water standards.

For example, for pH values, all the water samples from different areas of Taipei qualified for the standard pH values which varied from pH level 6, to pH level 8.5. As shown on the pH data table collection above, none of the water samples exceeded or reach the limitations. One aspect we found extremely interesting was that swimming pool water's pH value was qualified as safe, as we expected it to vary differently compared to the rest of the water samples.

Furthermore, for ammonium levels, the tap water from XinDian district, the swimming pool water from Tianmu, and the filtered water from Dunhua had all exceed the maximum limit for ammonium in drinking water (0.1 milligrams/L). They were 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, which is a significant amount higher than the standard drinking water. This could be dangerous for human consumption. Our group was a little shocked when we saw the ammonium levels for the Dunhua filtered water because we expected it to be safe for human consumption since it was filtered water from BRITA. However, the ammonium level for pool water was reasonable because swimming pool water is evidently not made for human consumption.

In addition, for nitrate levels, only the swimming pool water exceeded the 10 milligrams/L limit which was expected. Evidently, the swimming pool water results which was a whopping 40.8 milligrams/L, shows that it is definitely not safe for human consumption regarding levels of nitrate. However, this was interesting to find as it was an anomaly from all the other findings.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">** Improving the Experiment: What can we do? ** = During our lab, we realized that the numbers of the probes varied each time. At the beginning we found it difficult to calibrate the probes as our numbers kept jumping to high and ridiculous amounts.

To improve the investigation, we could do more than just 2 trials for each probe - for example, maybe 5 trials per probe.This way, we can approach a more accurate and constant data. The more trials, it'll ensure that the numbers are somewhat correct if they all approach the same amount. If a number appears to be largely different from the first few trials, we will be able to immediately discover that it is not the right number!

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